«Неудобный класс». Становление советской парадигмы отношения к крестьянству (эволюция ленинских взглядов)

Abstract

Показано формирование государственной парадигмы отношения к крестьянству в условиях становления советской государственности. Проблема рассмотрена в методологии дискурса, и прежде всего дискурса политического, как анализа явных и скрытых смыслов становления новой власти. Дискурс-анализ проведен с точки зрения оценки эволюции взглядов В. И. Ленина как ведущего политического лидера страны, позиций партийной и государственной элиты и практики реализации курса коммунистического строительства в аграрной стране.

The article is devoted to the formation of the peasant paradigm shift in the conditions of the establishment of the Soviet state. The problem is considered in the methodology of political discourse as an analysis of explicit and implicit meanings of the formation of the new government. The discourse analysis has been performed in terms of assessing the evolution of views of Lenin as the major political leader of the country, from the position of the party and state elite and the practice of implementing the policy of communist construction in an agrarian country. Considering the specificity of the time, when the course of events was defined and set mainly by the direction of the political line, a prominent place among the used sources belongs to Lenin's works and materials of the Party and government. An important section of information is provided by the material free of political influence from the works of the Russian Economic School Agricultural Scientists. The analysis shows that it would be wrong to represent the agrarian paradigm of the Soviet power in the form of a conceptual monolith. There is no reason to equate the views of Lenin and Karl Marx on the questions of attitudes to the peasantry. In addition, Lenin's views on the peasants and their future were repeatedly changed, refined and specified over the years, at every new turn of history. The material analyzed in the article allows to show that the formation of the Soviet concept of attitudes to the peasantry took place in a complex environment of intense destruction of the old social system and the creation of economic mechanisms that met the political model of the new system. Gradually, based on the principles determined in the course of practical realization of the idea of creating a new economy, the policy, which is often in conflict with reality, was formed. This search was difficult and painful. The analysis of the formation of the state's peasant paradigm showed a number of possible options for development. The most preferable path turned out to be the strengthening of the governmental control in all the social spheres, especially among the «inconvenient» peasants, who were often a threat to the ruling party.