Академический феодализм, университетская революция и фигура философа

Abstract

Анализируется роль и значение фигуры философа и философского факультета в период «университетской революции» первой половины XIX в. Особое внимание уделяется влиянию идей представителей трансцендентализма (И. Канта, И.Г. Фихте, Ф.В.Й. Шеллинга) на наблюдаемые в этот период институциональные изменения в немецких университетах. Активная пропаганда немецкими трансценденталистами принципов «Разума» и «Критики» формировала основы идеологии нового исследовательского университета, способствовала эмансипации академических практик и стимулировала процессы демаркации наук.

The article examines the role and importance of the figure of the philosopher and the Faculty of Philosophy in the period of "University Revolution" (first half of the 19th century). Special attention is paid to the influence of some ideas of the members of transcendentalism (I. Kant, J.G. Fichte, F.W.J. Schelling) on the observed institutional changes in the German Universities during this period. Active propaganda of the principles ''Reason'' and ''Critics'' by the German transcendentalists formed the basis of the ideology of the new research University, it contributed to the emancipation of the academic practices and stimulated the process of sciences demarcation. Under the influence of the ideology of German transcendentalism a new institutional form of science and research practices was founded where philosophy held control over legitimation means of scientific activity. Wilhelm von Humboldt oriented on the philosophical means of legitimizing when he was founding the University of Berlin. Therefore, it is not surprising that the value of the Faculty of Philosophy in the new research University is growing from the beginning of the 19th century. Thanks to this, the Faculty of Philosophy served as a common platform for a set of differentiating disciplines until the second half of the 19th century. However, the emancipation of the Faculty of Philosophy and the cult of academic freedom in the new research University become the source feeding the radical anti-philosophic rhetoric of the new academic disciplines which seek independence and autonomy from the figure of the philosopher. The dichotomy of the natural sciences and the human studies by Neo-Kantianism, the struggle with psychologism and logicism, the dynamics of the popularity of the ideas pf radical materialism, as well as many other events in the history of science of the 19th century are connected with the changing role of the figure of the philosopher and the Faculty of Philosophy in the University structure and in the scientific community. It all requires to take into account the ambivalent role of the figure of the philosopher in initiation and control over the debates on the scope of science, and demarcation disputes about the autonomy of particular disciplines when we study the history of science in the 19th century. The social function of knowledge (first discovered by the German transcendentalists) allows to consider philosophy as a frame of institutional analysis of scientific knowledge. The philosophical reflection and the growth of scientific knowledge are closely related to each other in the 19th century. The best evidence for this is the fact that lengthy disciplinary wars instead of emptying the content of philosophy become a source for new philosophical concepts - Neo-Kantianism, phenomenology, logical positivism.