Метафизические споры о словах: что значит быть реалистом в отношении слов?

Abstract

Представлен критический анализ современного состояния дискуссии об онтологическом статусе слов. Дается оценка достоинств и недостатков основных концепций метафизической природы слов – элиминативизма, номинализма, оригинализма и теории типов-токенов. На основе мысленного эксперимента с ‘лексическими клонами' делается вывод о том, что теоретические ресурсы так называемой ‘орфографической' концепции слова, защищаемой Джеральдом Катцом, Линдой Ветцель, Массимилиано Каррарой и Джероном Смидом, хорошо согласуются с большей частью наших интуитивных представлений об интра- и кросс-языковых феноменах (омонимией, синонимией и др.).

In current discussions on the problem of the metaphysical nature of the word, four factions – eliminativism, nominalism, originalism, and the type-token theory - take an active part. For eliminativism, words as separate entities do not exist; they are only a useful cognitive illusion. In the process of communication, competent speakers make sounds and inscri|~i-tions through which they are able to infer certain intentional contents of each other's cognitive states. However, these sounds and inscriptions cannot be regarded as instances of words since they do not possess the phonological and orthographic properties constitutive of words. For nominalism, by contrast, the streams of sounds and ink patterns produced by competent speakers serve as relevant instances of a particular word, or its tokens. What we usually call “words” are collections of such tokens, composed on the basis of similarity relations (phonological, orthographic or semantic). For originalism, the streams of sounds and ink patterns created by competent speakers are stages of words, understood as continuants, concrete objects preserving identity over time, individualized by the causal history of their origin. Words are created by competent speakers through the practice of naming and spread through chains of interpersonal contact. The phonological, orthographic and semantic properties possessed by different stages of the same word are generally useless for a proper description of objects such as words. At different times of their existence, words can change any of their properties (pronunciation, spelling, and even reference) while preserving their identity in time. For the type-token theory, words are types, or abstract objects encoding a particular phonographic pattern, which in the process of communication must be instantiated by a competent native speaker by uttering or writing the appropriate token. The type-token theory has several advantages over the views of eliminativism, nominalism and originalism. Firstly, it offers a unified ontology of linguistic structures (since the division into tokens and types extends here to the whole range of linguistic units, including sentences and letters). Secondly, unlike most of its competitors, it is able to present a clear operational criterion for word identity, while being consistent with most of our intuitive notions of intra- and cross-linguistic phenomena (homonymy, synonymy, etc.).