Семантизация отыменного предлога в обход в речевой практике XIX-XXI вв.

Abstract

Представлено описание семантического и грамматического развития отыменного предлога в обход в речевой практике XIX-XXI вв. Проанализированы этапы формирования современной системы значений предлога в обход на материале НКРЯ. Выявлены значения предлога в обход, неодинаково реализуемые в разных дискурсах и на разных этапах развития общества. Показано, что семантическая эволюция и бытование в речи предлога в обход отражают смену систем общественных приоритетов на протяжении двух последних столетий российской истории.

The article seeks to describe the semantic and grammatical development of the denominal preposition v obkhod in the Russian speech practice of the 19th–21st centuries. The aim of the study was to reveal the componential structure of the denominal preposition v obkhod and the trends of changes in its system of meanings that represent the shift of priorities in Russian society throughout the 19th–21th centuries. The study is based on the analysis of a range of entries from the main corpus of the Russian National Corpus (RNC). Based on the analysis of 974 documents and 1471 entries from the RNC, the authors defined the stages that shaped the contemporary system of meanings of the preposition v obkhod. The results of the study show that, throughout the 19th–21st centuries, the denominal preposition v obkhod has undergone significant changes both in the set of meanings, which have been relevant for different linguolcultural periods and discourses, and in the degree of its grammaticalization. Thus, the authors revealed that the researched period saw a steady but considerable decline in the number of adverbial uses of v obkhod accompanied by an increase in its prepositional use. These trends are aligned with general tendencies of language development. As of today, the preposition v obkhod has a complex system of more or less grammaticalized meanings, whose variety is incompletely, irregularly, or selectively actualized in explanatory dictionaries and specialized dictionaries of function words. This derivative preposition functions in Russian as governing genitive and dative cases. When used with the genitive case, the preposition has a more elaborate system of meanings, whereas its use with the dative Case declined throughout the researched period before it was no longer recorded in the 1990s. On the earlier stages of grammaticalization, orientational meanings of v obkhod were shaped. Abstract meanings started to evolve in the mid-1800s and reached an active phase of development throughout the 20th century. The most frequent abstract meanings of v obkhod are “violating something”, “without approval of somebody or something”, “in the defiance of something; dismissive of somebody; in disregard for something”. The authors note that various meanings of the preposition v obkhod are unevenly represented in different discourses and different periods of the society development within a longer span of the 19th–20th centuries. The semantic development and the constant use of the preposition v obkhod in everyday speech reflect the shift of priority systems in society throughout the past two centuries of Russian history. In conclusion, a range of meanings of the preposition v obkhod is more widely presented in everyday speech practice than it is recorded in lexicographic sources. In the 19th–21st centuries’ discourses, the preposition manifests itself as a polysemic unit with at least five independent differentiated semantic features: 1) passing/walking round something; 2) going around something, making a detour; 3) skirting or getting round/past someone or something; 4) violating something; 5) without approval of somebody or something.