Сравнительный анализ организации традиционного природопользования в странах северных регионов мира и России

Abstract

В работе представлен обзор систем организации традиционного природопользования в странах северных регионов мира и России. Анализ проводится по нормативным актам о коренных народах и традиционном природопользовании, полномочиям регулирующих государственных органов и практикам сотрудничества коренного населения с властью в вопросах охраны окружающей среды. В результате сравнения выявлены практики организации традиционного природопользования, которые могут быть адаптированы для создания системы организации традиционного природопользования в Российской Федерации и устойчивого развития данной отрасли.

The article considers the systems of organization of traditional nature management in the countries of the northern regions of the world and Russia. A SWOT analysis of the identified practices for their adaptation in Russia was carried out. The global trend of increasing the pace of industrial production in Russia and the world in the northern regions, where indigenous peoples are farming in parallel with traditional farming, requires the search for optimal solutions for the organization of this industry.The purpose of the work is to find the most optimal ways of organizing traditional nature management in the Russian Federation based on the experience of foreign countries. The tasks include conducting a comparative analysis of the systems of organization of traditional nature management in a number of northern states – Norway, Finland, Canada and the USA and systematization of practices of organization of traditional nature management in the northern states. The object of the study is the system of organization of traditional nature management in the northern states. The subject of the study is the identification of relevant environmental practices of the organization of traditional nature management in the northern states.Traditional nature management in the Nordic countries has been chosen as an object of research, since these states have similar types of nature management and natural conditions with Russia. The study was compiled on the basis of official static data, data from electronic state portals and regulatory documentation of states. The research methods were comparative information analysis, SWOT analysis and systematization of the information received.As a result of the work, a comparative table of traditional environmental management systems in Russia and the countries of the northern regions, a table of SWOT analysis of the identified practices of traditional environmental management and environmental protection in these countries was compiled, and the possibilities of applying the identified practices in Russia were analyzed.One of the main problems of traditional nature management in Russia at the moment is the degradation of reindeer pastures due to excessive overgrazing, which is also characteristic of neighboring Finland and Norway [25] with traditionally developed reindeer husbandry. In Russia, this problem is typical for the main reindeer herding regions – Yamalo-Nenets, Nenets districts, Krasnoyarsk Territory. The natural zones characteristic of both the European countries represented and the reindeer herding regions of Russia have similar characteristics - harsh climatic conditions, a meager and vulnerable forage base, unstable soils in terms of mechanical composition. Thanks to this, the adaptation of reindeer husbandry practices that have shown positive results in these countries is quite possible. Firstly, the experience of both countries shows that for the successful regulation of the industry at the legal level, it is necessary to adopt the law "On Reindeer husbandry" (in Russia, the bill was developed by the government, but not adopted). Secondly, the experience of Finland confirms the need to create a cartographic database of reindeer husbandry, since today data on reindeer pastures exist, but have not been collected and published for convenient use, for example, for conducting an EIA procedure.The analysis of the system of organization of traditional nature management in the countries of the northern regions of the world has shown the existence of a wide range of tools for interaction between the indigenous population and the authorities on the organization of traditional nature management and environmental protection. As a result of the SWOT analysis of the identified practices, it is concluded that a number of tools can be implemented in Russia due to similar natural and social conditions. Thus, the adaptation of the current world practices of the organization of traditional nature management will make it possible to build an effective system of rational nature management and environmental protection in the field of indigenous peoples' economy in the northern regions of the Russian Federation, where these problems are most acute at the moment.